Intiwichi - danza peruana

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Intiwichi

Ubicación geográfica de la danza

Esta danza se desarrolla en el distrito de Tambillo, provincia de Huamanga, Departamento de Ayacucho.

Origen de la danza

La palabra “intiwichi” significa el ocaso del sol, o el atardecer que ocurre después del trabajo de la cosecha de las calabazas. Antiguamente todos los pobladores se reunían para festejar con algarabía dicha cosecha entre cantos y bailes.

Desarrollo de la danza (partes o secuencias)

Al realizarse la entrada observamos a los hombres bailando asimilando su labor en el campo. Luego se realiza un canto de agradecimiento a la tierra con una melodía más lenta y los danzantes adquieren posición de agradecimiento agachando su cuerpo. Después hacen su ingreso las mujeres mostrando un gran gozo y alegría, los hombres empiezan a usar sus pañuelos mostrando también su alegría y en algunos momentos cargan a las mujeres demostrando su felicidad. En el momento final o fuga vemos a los danzantes en su máximo gozo bailando en círculos hasta el término de la danza.

Mensaje de la danza

Los extensos sembríos de calabazas de Tambillo y la vocación al trabajo de sus habitantes para su cosecha han dado lugar a la creación colectiva de esta danza. Además trata de trasmitir el amor a la tierra de los que nunca termina que tienen los habitantes.

Carácter de la danza

La danza tiene un carácter ritual agrícola y es considerada una danza de siembra propia del campo, a través del cual los pobladores de la zona trataban de respetar y valorar la madre tierra.

Punishment of intoxicated drivers

It is a fact that lots of deaths are caused by intoxicated drivers; therefore, most of the governments are trying to stop this problem by creating new laws, planning education programs, increasing the fines or elongating the prison years; nevertheless, any of these solutions seem to work. In Peru, 4 169 persons died by drunk drivers in 2009; in 2010 the number of deaths increased dramatically almost reaching 11 000, more than double. Thus, what is the best solution for this problem?  Some people think that intoxicated drivers should pay higher fines or be jailed for lots of years. Others consider this type of drivers as murderers, so they should be punished with the same crime. I do not agree with any of these groups, I think that most of countries have good punishments, the problem is that not all of us respects them; the corruption is everywhere and is the principal responsible of this problem.

There are some countries that punish the intoxicated drivers with death; for example, in Bulgaria if someone is caught driving under any substance’s influence for a second time, he or she is executed. Also, there is the case of El Salvador where your first infraction by driving drunk is your last since the punishment for these drivers is execution by firing squad. I disagree at all with this type of penalty; since, only God can decide when a person lives or dies; no one must die by human hands; besides killing will not bring back the person who died at the car accident.

Furthermore, I disagree with higher fines, for most of the countries which have this kind of punishment continue having lots of traffic accidents; for instance, South Africa’s fines are approximately 10 000 dollars for under influence drivers, and since they have this very expensive fine the accidents have not decreased.

I believe the intoxicated drivers should be jailed and they cannot get out on bail. In addition, if the continue driving under influence, his or her license must be revoked; also they should be required to attended to classes about the consequences of drunk driving. These penalties have been practicing in countries such as Poland where the offender is jailed, fined and forced to attend political lectures; others countries that use this punishment but without the political lectures are Mexico, Russia and some stares of The U.S.A where the accidents have decreased and  now roads are safer.

Latin America is another story. Countries like Peru and Argentina have good punishment system; for example, the new Peruvian transit code punishes the drunk driver that is involved in any accident causing injuries or death with a 3,500 soles fine, the revocation of the license for life and the retention of the car; even the drunk drivers whom not caused accidents have to pay a 1750 soles fine, suspend his or her license for 6 months or 2 years and give his or her car’s keys for at least 3 days. Moreover, both countries can send the offender until 4 years on prison depending on the damage caused. Therefore, why is this system not working? Because almost no one follows it; many drunk drivers get free of fines and jail by giving little money to police officer; also, government does not offers so many help to this situation; Peru does not have specialized traffic courts and the police of our county only posses 130 alcoholmeters.

To end, I just want to clarify that we do not need stronger laws or punishment; we only have to obey and make sure everyone obey the ones which have already existed. We must eliminate the corruption by creating and following programs like “zero tolerance”. This is not only the responsibility of police officers; it is of everyone. If we want safer road for us, for our parents and for our children, we must change our view about our police officers, start to respect them and teach everyone to respect them.

Gracia Bueno

Should marijuana be legal?



According to the United Nations marijuana or cannabis is the illegal substance most used in all the world.  Some people think marijuana should be legalized, so the government could regulate this industry; therefore, the problems related to the poor quality of cannabis would reduce, such as poisoning. There are other group o persons who think that marijuana only should be allowed to treat medical problems, such as anorexia, glaucoma and even cancer. At last, there is one third group who believe this drug should never be legalized, for it would bring several bad consequences for society; for example, the increase of users of marijuana and the quantity used. I agree with this last group for lots of reasons that I will explain.

The principal supporting idea of marijuana’s legalization is the freedom everyone should have to do his or her freewill. I accept this idea, but if marijuana were legal anyone could use it, even persons who do not have a complete freewill because they do not understand the consequences of using marijuana such as children and mentally disabled persons.

Another idea that supports the legalization it is the supposed crisis of the black market would happen as a result of marijuana’s legalization. Like cannabis is the illegal substance most used in all the world; also, this drug is the most profitable for drugs trafficker of the black market. So people believe that if marijuana were legal, the black market would stop to have so many clients because they were buying cannabis at legal places. However, if the producers of marijuana notice that this product were not another like heroin or cocaine.

Although there are some education plans to teach about the right use of marijuana if it get legalized, how effective will be this education plans. Marijuana is a drug and such as one it is addictive, so it is very difficult to stop using it when you already have done. No one can guarantee that any education plan can succeed and if it does how many time will take; let is take as example alcohol that it has been legal for a lot of time and has had lots of education plans, but alcohol is till the first cause of traffic accidents and of sending people to rehabilitation.

It is true that marijuana can help to treat some medical problems like the effects of aids and cancer treatment; also, its appetite-stimulating effect could help persons who suffer anorexia or lack of appetite. Moreover, The University Complutense of Madrid has done a study about the effect of marijuana on cancer, showing that this drug could be and effective cure for this disease. However, there is not any strong study which can affirm any of these magical medicinal qualities; there are studies that seem to prove cannabis’ curative qualities such as that of Madrid previously mentioned, but there is not one that really could prove marijuana’s qualities. In contrast of this lack of good studies about medical qualities, there are several studies about the real effects of marijuana on our body; for example, one study made at the University of California showed that a long-term period using marijuana decrease the volume of the hippotalamo and amygdale. Aldo there are lots of studies that show that the consumption of marijuana could cause psychosis, panic attacks, tachycardia, schizophrenia and other mental diseases, despite the fact marijuana alters your mood and your mind.

In addition, there are others consequences that marijuana’s legalization will bring to our society. For example, the number of cannabis’ users will increase as well as the quantity used; hence, the state would have to spent lots of money on rehabilitation programs. Another possible consequence it is the increased use of stronger drugs, such as heroin, because it has been proved that consumption of soft drugs like marijuana ends the majority of the cases in using hard drugs.

This controversy about the legalization of marijuana is called the “drug war” in many webs sites and maybe it is a war; but not between arguments; it is a war between beliefs. I strongly believe marijuana should never be legalized because it is not the solution to the continuous increased of marijuana’s consumption. We have to defend what we think is right and moral, we just have to find a better solution to this terrible problem.

Gracia Bueno